Environmentalism often has little in common with India’s film industry but recently two of its most popular Muslim film stars have been in the limelight for divergent views on the environment. Several months ago, Salman Khan was prosecuted for hunting down an endangered antelope species. His actions violated India’s emerging environmental laws. Despite an appeal, he was given a five-year jail sentence in April and many watchers of Hindu-Muslim relations commented that this was a case of selective enforcement against a highly successful Muslim-Indian icon, says Dr Saleem H Ali an associate professor of environmental planning at the University of Vermont in the Daily Times.



Others differed by stating that Mr Khan’s lascivious lifestyle had made him more of a pariah than an icon in Muslim circles, and this was a much-needed case of environmental enforcement against a celebrity.



Soon thereafter, Aamir Khan came under major criticism from some communities in Gujarat for his public condemnation of the compensation arrangements for the much-maligned Narmada dam project. In contrast with Salman Khan’s case, Aamir Khan was portrayed as an ardent environmental and human rights activist who had overstepped his bounds.



There are lessons for Pakistan in both these cases as we often tend to dilute the importance of environmental causes by inferring other causal links. For endangered species’ protection, Islam is often invoked as a religion of carnivores. Any attempt to promote vegetarianism is trivialised on numerous accounts that it would negate qurbani or lead to physical weakness. If there is anything Muslims might learn from Hindus, it is that balanced vegetarianism does not make us weak or diminish virility.



Historically, a collective repugnance for animal fat brought Muslims and Hindus together during the war of 1857 against the British when cartridges lined with beef and pork fat were rejected by members of both faiths. Yet, many Hindu-Muslim riots in India continue to be triggered by incidents of Muslim beef consumption that may ignite Hindu zealotry.



In a recent televised debate on vegetarianism with a Hindu academic, held in Mumbai, Islamic scholar and physician, Dr Zakir Naik, attempted to provide some balance to the rhetoric. He admitted that vegetarianism was perhaps a healthier lifestyle but insisted that meat consumption must be considered acceptable in India. While meat consumption in moderation may well be fine, considering such consumption as a mark of prestige similar to a hunted trophy animal is problematic. Dr Naik also said Islamic doctrines prohibit consumption of hormone-injected livestock and any other animals that are fed non-vegetable products.



Following these guidelines would be similar to what most environmentalists argue for in terms of responsible meat consumption. But Muslim cultures have regrettably become so carnivorous that government intervention has been necessitated in some cases with proverbial ‘meatless days’ to reduce our consumption of animals. As for hunting animals, it may be considered a preferable way of meat consumption since the hunter has to exert effort to get the game rather than being served a factory-farmed product. However, most hunts continue to be recreational and that is where thrill-seekers such as Salman Khan might lead us astray.



Now let us turn to some potential lessons for Pakistan from Aamir Khan’s principled resistance to the Narmada project’s compensation regimen. During the past year, the Pakistani government has been ardently advocating several dam projects with good cause given the energy and water shortages. However, the scale and location of these projects should be considered with particular reference to geological faults as well as human settlements.



Small-scale dams should be encouraged rather than larger impoundments since the former have minimal impact on communities and can also be managed far more effectively for flood control, irrigation and energy generation. The World Commission on Dams concluded in its report five years ago that the age of large dams should largely be over and the focus should be on small and medium-scale hydroelectric generation. The costs of large dams in terms of displacement of livelihoods, ecological disturbance and project life does not merit the scale of required investment.



However, Dr. Ali conveniently forgot to recall what an Indian film star of yesteryears Feroz Khan told Pakistanis at Lahore reminding them that Pakistan was a failed state. The statement led to the ban on the entry of Feroz Khan to Pakistan.